Have you ever noticed a tender lump or swelling beneath your jaw that makes eating, swallowing, or even turning your head uncomfortable? You may be experiencing submandibular gland swelling — a condition that affects one of the most important salivary glands in your body. While it can be alarming to discover unexpected swelling in the neck or jaw area, understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help you take fast, informed action. Whether it’s a minor infection or something requiring professional care, knowing what you’re dealing with is the first step toward relief.

Schedule your expert consultation at Grove Dental Clinic in Falls Church, VA today! Call (703) 578-0000 to book your appointment now!

What Are the Submandibular Glands?

The submandibular glands are a pair of salivary glands located beneath the lower jaw (mandible), one on each side. They are the second-largest salivary glands in the human body, after the parotid glands. These glands are responsible for producing approximately 60–70% of the saliva in your mouth, which plays a critical role in digestion, oral hygiene, and protecting the teeth from decay.

When these glands become inflamed, blocked, or infected, they can swell significantly, causing pain and discomfort. The swelling may be visible as a lump under the jaw or felt as a tender mass when touching the area beneath the chin.

Common Causes of Submandibular Gland Swelling

There are several reasons why the submandibular glands may become swollen. Understanding the root cause is essential for receiving the right treatment.

1. Salivary Gland Stones (Sialolithiasis)

The most common cause of submandibular gland swelling is the formation of salivary stones, also called sialoliths. These are calcified deposits that can block the salivary duct, preventing saliva from flowing freely. This blockage causes saliva to back up into the gland, resulting in swelling, pain — especially during meals — and sometimes infection.

2. Bacterial Infections (Sialadenitis)

When bacteria enter the salivary gland — often due to a blocked duct, poor oral hygiene, or dehydration — an infection called sialadenitis can develop. Symptoms typically include sudden swelling, redness, pain, fever, and a foul-tasting discharge in the mouth. This type of infection is more common in older adults and those with compromised immune systems.

3. Viral Infections

Certain viral illnesses, including mumps, influenza, and HIV, can cause swelling in the salivary glands. Mumps, in particular, is known for causing bilateral swelling of the parotid glands but can also affect the submandibular glands.

4. Cysts and Tumors

Although less common, cysts or benign tumors can develop in or near the submandibular gland and cause noticeable swelling. In rare cases, malignant (cancerous) tumors can affect the gland. A persistent, painless lump that doesn’t go away should always be evaluated by a medical or dental professional.

5. Autoimmune Conditions

Conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome — an autoimmune disorder that attacks the moisture-producing glands — can cause chronic swelling and inflammation in the submandibular glands. This is often accompanied by dry mouth and dry eyes.

6. Poor Oral Hygiene

Oral bacteria from gum disease, tooth decay, or dental abscesses can spread to the submandibular gland, triggering infection and swelling. This highlights the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and dental visits.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Submandibular gland swelling can present with a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain. Key symptoms to watch for include:

• Visible or palpable lump under the jaw or neck
• Pain or tenderness in the jaw, neck, or mouth
• Difficulty swallowing or opening the mouth
• Dry mouth or decreased saliva production
• Bad taste in the mouth due to pus or discharge
• Fever and chills in cases of infection
• Redness or warmth over the swollen area
• Pain that worsens during meals, particularly with acidic or sour foods that stimulate saliva production

If you experience severe difficulty breathing or swallowing, seek emergency care immediately, as this may indicate a serious complication known as Ludwig’s angina — a potentially life-threatening infection of the floor of the mouth.

How Is Submandibular Gland Swelling Diagnosed?

A dental or medical professional will begin with a physical examination of the jaw, neck, and mouth. They may order one or more of the following diagnostic tests:

• Ultrasound: To identify salivary stones, cysts, or masses
• CT Scan or MRI: For a more detailed view of the gland and surrounding structures
• X-rays: To detect calcified stones in the duct
• Blood tests: To check for infection, autoimmune markers, or other systemic conditions
• Biopsy: If a tumor or abnormal growth is suspected

Treatment Options for Submandibular Gland Swelling

The appropriate treatment depends entirely on the underlying cause of the swelling. Here’s an overview of the most common approaches:

For Salivary Stones

Small stones may be managed conservatively by staying well-hydrated, massaging the gland, applying warm compresses, and sucking on sour candies to stimulate saliva flow. Larger or stubborn stones may require minimally invasive procedures such as sialendoscopy — a technique where a tiny camera is used to locate and remove the stone — or in some cases, surgical intervention.

For Bacterial Infections

Bacterial sialadenitis is typically treated with antibiotics. Warm compresses, hydration, and gland massage can also help relieve symptoms. In cases of abscess formation, surgical drainage may be necessary.

For Viral Infections

Viral infections often resolve on their own with supportive care, including rest, increased fluid intake, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Mumps, for instance, has no specific antiviral treatment but can be prevented through vaccination.

For Cysts and Tumors

Benign cysts or tumors may be surgically removed if they cause persistent discomfort or complications. Malignant tumors require a comprehensive treatment plan that may include surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

For Autoimmune Conditions

Conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome are managed with medications to reduce inflammation, stimulate saliva production, and treat related symptoms. Working with both a dentist and a rheumatologist is often necessary for long-term management.

Preventive Measures to Protect Your Salivary Glands

While not all causes of submandibular gland swelling are preventable, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

• Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps prevent stone formation and keeps saliva flowing properly.
• Maintain good oral hygiene: Brush twice daily, floss regularly, and use antibacterial mouthwash to reduce oral bacteria.
• Attend regular dental checkups: Routine dental visits allow professionals to catch early signs of infection, decay, or gland issues before they escalate.
• Avoid smoking: Tobacco use significantly impairs salivary gland function and increases the risk of infection.
• Manage chronic conditions: If you have diabetes, autoimmune diseases, or other health conditions, keeping them well-controlled can reduce your risk of gland complications.

When to See a Dentist or Doctor

If you notice persistent swelling under your jaw that lasts more than a week, is accompanied by fever, causes pain during eating, or is associated with difficulty breathing or swallowing, it’s important to seek professional care promptly. A qualified dental professional can evaluate the swelling, determine the cause, and recommend a personalized treatment plan.

Don’t ignore the warning signs — early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and get you back to feeling comfortable quickly.

FAQ

Is submandibular gland swelling serious?

It depends on the cause. Many cases are caused by minor infections or salivary stones that respond well to treatment. However, persistent swelling, high fever, or difficulty breathing should be evaluated immediately, as these may indicate a serious complication.

Can a dentist treat submandibular gland swelling?

Yes. Dentists are often the first healthcare providers to identify submandibular gland issues, particularly those related to oral infections, poor hygiene, or salivary stones. They can diagnose the problem, provide initial treatment, and refer you to a specialist if needed.

How long does submandibular gland swelling last?

The duration depends on the cause. Swelling due to a minor infection may resolve within a few days with antibiotics and self-care. Swelling caused by salivary stones or chronic conditions may persist longer and require more targeted treatment.

Can poor oral hygiene cause swollen submandibular glands?

Yes. Bacteria from gum disease, cavities, or abscesses can travel to the submandibular gland and cause infection. This makes regular brushing, flossing, and dental checkups essential for preventing gland problems.

What foods should I avoid if I have submandibular gland swelling?

Highly acidic foods and beverages — such as citrus fruits and juices — can stimulate saliva production and worsen pain if a stone is present. Spicy, hard, or chewy foods may also be uncomfortable. Stick to soft, mild foods and stay well-hydrated until your symptoms improve.

Can submandibular gland swelling go away on its own?

Minor swelling caused by a viral infection or small salivary stone may resolve on its own with rest and home care. However, bacterial infections and larger stones typically require professional treatment. Always consult a healthcare provider if swelling persists or worsens.

Schedule your expert consultation at Grove Dental Clinic in Falls Church, VA today! Call (703) 578-0000 to book your appointment now!